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| This is page two of my project CHRONOLOGY of artificial intelligence 1940s-1950s The first computers are developed, and researchers begin pondering the feasibility of creating artificial intelligence (AI). 1943 The British begin using the "Colossus" machine to decipher the Germans' wartime code. Developed in part by famed mathematician Alan Turing, it is considered by some to be the first true computer. 1944 The Electronic Numerical Integrator and Computer (ENIAC) is completed in the United States. It has 18,000 vacuum tubes and can only carry out 300 calculations per second. The revolutionary device is thought by many to be the first digital computer. 1950 Turing proposes a scheme to test if machines are intelligent, known as the "Turing Test." 1952 The first speech-recognizing program is developed by Bell Labs. 1955 Carnegie Mellon University's Herbert Simon and Alan Newell write the first AI program, dubbed the "Logic Theorist." 1956 The first AI conference is held at Dartmouth College; MIT's John McCarthy develops LISP, an important AI computer language. 1957 AI researchers develop the General Problem Solver, a program that tries to simulate the human cognitive process. 1960s-1980s Relatively little visible progress is made in duplicating human intelligence . 1968 The celebrated movie "2001: A Space Odyssey" debuts, featuring HAL, an intelligent machine. 1969 Scientists at Stanford University create "Shakey," the first mobile, sighted robot. 1971 Stanford University's Terry Winograd creates the first computer program to demonstrate a partial grasp of human language. 1982 Ridley Scott's movie "Blade Runner" explores the relationship between intelligent androids and humans. 1984 Douglas Lenat begins feeding millions of assertions of what it means to be human to a computer named Cyc. 1990-Present Interest diminishes in creating machines with AI, while practical applications using the fruits oral research begin appearing more frequently. 1991 American businessman Hugh Loebner and the Cambridge [Mass.] Center for Behavioral Studies create the annual Loebner Prize competition, a $100,000 award for the first person to create a program that passes the Turing Test. 1992 Citibank begins using AI software to direct currency trading. 1993 Rodney Brooks of the Massachusetts Institute of Technology builds Cog, a robot that tries to learn to think. 1996 Russian chess grandmaster Garry Kasparov beats IBM's chess-playing computer, Deep Blue. A rematch is scheduled. May 1997 Deep Blue defeats Kasparov, marking the first defeat of a reigning chess champion by a machine. July 1997 The Sojourner, a robot vehicle, begins exploring the surface of Mars. Back to main page |
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